ANSWER APPROPRIATELY

Answer appropriately

 

QUESTION 1

1. Briefly describe in your own words what occurs during each stage of Prenatal Development (Germinal, Embryonic, &Fetal).

 

The germinal stage begins immediately after conception; the zygote cell begins to divide rapidly as travels along the fallopian tube towards the uterus.  The zygote turns into a blastocyst when it reaches the uterus.

During the embryonic stage, rapid cell division continues. The cells begin to differentiate themselves according to structure and functions. The placenta also forms. The central nervous system and brain structures are established at this stage.

The fetal stage marks the end of cell differentiation. Body systems, including the brain, continue to develop during the fetal stage.

1 point   

QUESTION 2

1. Part 1: List each of Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development.

• Trust vs. mistrust
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Initiative vs. guilt
• Industry vs. inferiority
• Identity vs. role confusion
• Intimacy vs. isolation
• Generativity vs. stagnation
• Ego integrity vs. despair

 

Part 2: What is one of Erikson’s stages that you have personally lived through? Describe a time in your life when you were faced with the crisis discussed in that stage. What was the crisis, and how did you resolve it?

 

The stage I had lived through when I was faced with a crisis is industry vs. industry. At this stage, I find myself so focused on my studies. I wanted to be the champion of our basketball team because I wanted to be recognized. I was made the captain, a capacity I am still serving in to-date. I would help my mom in cooking, and sometimes I found myself doing laundry. Since I learned all this, I have become perfect. Thus, the industry won in this crisis.

1 point   

QUESTION 3

1. Part 1: List each of Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development.

• Punishment and obedience orientation
• Instrumental purpose orientation
• Good boy, nice girl orientation
• Law and order orientation
• Social-contract orientation
• Universal-ethical principle orientation

 

 

Part 2: Describe a time in your life when you were faced with a moral dilemma. What was your dilemma, and how did you resolve it? Which of Kohlberg’s stages did you make your decision at?

I remembered 7 years ago, as we were playing with other children,  my dad asked me to clean the house. We were required to be responsible, but I also did not want to leave my team because they would be less. Besides, I was the owner of the ball. I lied to my teammates that I would ask my dad to let me play a little more. I cleaned the house very fast and returned. This was a good boy, good girl orientation stage in Kohlberg’s moral development.

1 point   

QUESTION 4

1. Part 1: List each of Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development.

 

Sensorimotor stage

Preoperational stage

Concrete operational stage

Formal operational stage

Part 2: By each stage, list one important lesson that is learned during that stage. Give one example for each.

During the sensorimotor stage, children learn that things exist in the world through trial and error; for instance, they learn how to suck.

During the preoperational stage, children learn about language. For example, they learn to construct the meaning of certain terms like dad, eat, see, and mum.

During the concrete operational stage, children learn how to manipulate symbols, for example, the addition and subtraction of numbers.

During the formal operational stage, they learn abstract concepts, for example, computation.

 

1 point   

QUESTION 5

1. According to Erikson, Kohlberg, and Piaget, at what stage would a 7-year-old be?

(Hint: You should name a different stage for each theorist)

 

Erikson – Industry vs. Inferiority stage

Kohlberg – Instrumental purpose orientation stage

Piaget – concrete operational stage

1 point   

QUESTION 6

1. Briefly explain in your own words Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development.

 

Zone of Proximal Development is a development gap between a child’s potential development as determined by the child’s problem-solving abilities under adult guidance and the actual development the child would exhibit as measured by the child’s ability to solve problems independently. Thus, it is the difference in knowledge acquisition when a child is under guidance by an adult and when the child is left to learn by himself.

1 point   

QUESTION 7

1. Briefly describe Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment in your own words.

 

Ainsworth Strange Situation Experiment investigates a baby’s attachment security under strange situations. It involves a 9-18 months child, mother, and stranger. There are eight 3-minute episodes within the room where a child is playing with the toys. The mother sits alone with the baby as the stranger and observer watch through the window. The stranger joins them and starts talking with the mother and later plays with the baby. The mother then leaves the room. When the mother returns, she greets the baby, and the stranger leaves. This sequence is repeated under different conditions, and the baby’s reaction under each of the strange situations is recorded. The study establishes a secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure resistant, and disorganized attachment styles. The first three attachment styles were a result of initial baby-mother interactions.

1 point   

QUESTION 8

1. Explain the significance of Harlow’s experiment with baby monkeys. What did he learn about attachment from this experiment?

 

Harlow’s experiment reinforces the importance of the mother-child bond. Based on Harlow’s baby monkeys experiment, it was established that the infant monkeys spent more time with inanimate surrogate mothers. Food is not the only basis of attachment as the experiment demonstrated that babies turn to mothers, even surrogate mothers, for companion, comfort, and love. The findings of the experiment can be used to promote healthy attachment and development among kids.

1 point   

QUESTION 9

1. Briefly describe the behavior attributed to a child that displays a Secure Attachment.

 

Children who display secure attachment show upset in the attachment figure’s absence but are happy in the attachment figure’s presence as a mother. They would often seek comfort from their caregiver whenever they are frightened but can sometimes be comforted to a lesser degree with strangers. They prefer to play with the caregiver than with strangers.

1 point   

QUESTION 10

1. Briefly describe the behavior attributed to a child that displays an Insecure-Avoidant attachment.

 

Children who display insecure-avoidant attachment often avoid parents, usually after the parents have been absent for long. Sometimes children demonstrate equal treatment of strangers and the parents.

1 point   

QUESTION 11

1. Briefly describe the behavior attributed to a child that displays an Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent attachment.

 

Children who display ambivalent attachment are often scared of strangers and are stressed in the parent’s absence. They are difficult to comfort because they feel uninsured. Some children may refuse to be comforted with the parent.

1 point   

QUESTION 12

1. Describe the behavior of someone with an authoritarian parenting style. Give an example of what someone with this type of parenting style might do.

 

Authoritarian parents are usually demanding and expect their children to conform to their orders without question. They exert power by coercing and controlling their children. They do not guide their children but punishes heavily for violation of orders or family ethos. They expect a lot from their children despite little physical, emotional, and psychological support. A parent with an authoritarian parenting style cans his child a meal because the child did not complete a task.

1 point   

QUESTION 13

1. Describe the behavior of someone with an Authoritative parenting style. Give an example of what someone with this type of parenting style might do.

 

The authoritative parenting style involves setting expectations for their children and expects them to meet. However, the parents provide guidance and support to the children to enable them to meet their expectations. The style involves giving freedom to children but strictly monitoring them to ensure they do not misuse the freedom. An authoritative parent can give a child the freedom to play games with his phone but keep watching you ensure you do not do something else with the phone.

1 point   

QUESTION 14

1. Describe the behavior of someone with a Permissive parenting style. Give an example of what someone with this type of parenting style might do.

 

In this parenting style, a parent appears more of a friend than a parent. Even the parents show a lot of love to the children, they provide little rules to guide the children’s behavior. They have little expectations from their children, but their responsiveness is high. A permissive parent can drive his child to a party if the child wants but may not guide the child on how to behave at the party.

1 point   

QUESTION 15

1. Describe the behavior of someone with an Uninvolved parenting style. Give an example of what someone with this type of parenting style might do.

 

An uninvolved parenting style is where parents lack emotional attachment to their children. The parents focus on their own problems but neglect their children. They have no demands and lack responsiveness. An uninvolved parent can leave his sick child alone at home and go to a wedding party with friends.