Part 2 Order
Student Name
Institutional Affiliation
Part 2 Order
Section A
Evaporation
Evaporation refers to the conversion of water into vapor, and this happens when the vapor pressure is less than the saturation pressure.
Condensation
Condensation is the process by which water vapor changes to water molecules.
Boiling
Boiling is the process by which the temperature of a liquid is raised to the saturation temperature.
What causes matter to change states? What remains constant?
- Matter changes because of changes in temperature and pressure. The chemical makeup of the substance is not affected.
Four states of matter in order of the distance between particles
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Plasma
Properties of plasma
- Ionized gas
- Has sufficient energy to free electrons from molecules or atoms
- Allows ions and electrons to coexist
- Travels with their nucleus
Properties of liquid
- Has a definite volume
- Has no definite shape
- Particles are close together and flow freely.
Properties of solid
- Has a definite volume
- Has a definite shape
- Consist of particles that tightly packed and move by vibration
Properties of gas
- Has no definite volume
- Has no definite shape
- Particles are far apart and move randomly.
As the pressure of a system changes, boiling points can change in what direction.
As the pressure of a system increases, the boiling point also increases and decreases when the system’s pressure decreases (Isac-García et al., 2015).
Section B (Lab Skills)
Error Analysis
The speed of an object is known to be 3.0 X 108 m/s. You measure the object’s velocity during an experiment and get a value of 2.65 X 108 m/s. Determine the percent error associated with these two values.
While experimenting, you measure the length of an object to be 32.5cm. The measuring device that you are using measures to a millimeter. How can you decrease the error associated with your measurement?
Using small units of measurements reduces the error introduced. By measuring in millimeter, we can decrease the associated error with the measurements because when we measure in the smaller unit, the measurement is made accurate and precise. Using large units of measures is likely to leave small details known to cause an error in the final measurement obtained. Therefore, it can be said that when we measure 325 millimeters instead of 32.5 cm, there is a chance of less error. It should be understood that a centimeter is a large unit of measurement and so it does not obtain or capture smaller details.
List 5 things that are considered proper graphing techniques.
When making a graph, there are a number of things to consider so that the graph captures all the needed details or information. Visual structures are one of the five things. Visual structures represent values in the graph. They include lines, points, and bars. The second is Axes and background. The axes define the graph. The third thing is the scale and thick marks. The scale measure values in the graph and are incorporated into axes. They provide visual support to interpret the data correctly. The fourth thing is the text. Text is useful because it directs the viewer and supports his understanding. The last thing is the grid lines on the graph. They help people to read, compare, and detect values and patterns more accurately.
Describe how you might measure the period for an oscillating pendulum
Firstly, one is required to raise the pendulum at a given degree and release it from rest. Let the pendulum to oscillate about five times and measure the time taken using the stopwatch. To obtain the period, get the number of oscillations and divide by the time taken. This can be repeated using a large pendulum mass.
Describe in detail how you might experimentally determine the density of a cylindrical shaped object. Explain all steps clearly.
- The first step is to determine the mass of the cylindrical-shaped object.
- The second step is getting the volume of the cylindrical container using
- The third step is to determine the mass of the cylindrical object by putting it onto the scale (Isac-García et al., 2015).
- The fifth step is to determine the density using the volume
Reference
Isac-García, J., Dobado, J. A., Calvo-Flores, F. G., & Martínez-García, H. (2015). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Laboratory Manual. Academic Press.