Literature Review

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Abstract

This paper tries to give a response to three questions of research using existing literature on the related topics. The initial question is concerned with whether or not people or group process of decision-making support business decision making. The literature review indicates that group processes of making decisions were preferred because of the increased complication of many decisions in the current world of business. The next question talks about new strategic decision-making directions. Numerous materials and concepts were covered, showing a lot of new directions that can support inefficient strategic decision procedures. The materials mentioned involved SA8000 certification, application of foresight approach technique, virtue moral practice, and coverage of some techniques in advancing regional economic strategies. The last research question talks about how individuals’ academic discipline assists their organization with their implementation and strategic development. To respond t this question, there was a review of articles to cover the importance of accounting as a strategic procedure, historical data concerning accounting as one of the disciplines, and the credibility of doctorate versus Ph.D. in business.

Keywords: PROMETHEUS software, virtue ethics, strategic costing, reinforcement, and innovation management.

 

Introduction

Business is normally after the newest technique for a competitive advantage. The process of making decisions has changed from an autocratic technique in numerous organizations to a more developed technique of decision making. Among the questions asked concerning management is whether a person or a group decision can support a company. Speaking in general, it has been proven that group decision making is better as compared to making use of one decision-maker for numerous reasons discussed in this review.

Several new concepts are being been outlined and several of which are technologically based. Technological application is giving businesses a higher competitive advantage than ever before with the constantly growing complication of decisions being established by the management today. Organizations belonging to the private and governmental entities are have been discussed in this review. A lot of issues are used in both. Therefore, strategic approaches cross over easily.

Management of every organization should therefore ensure that they involve the senior and the junior employees in the company’s decision-making processes since the staff knows more about the company and can have very useful thinking and ideas towards achieving a competitive edge. Through employee involvement in the process of decision making and the use of technology, an organization stands a chance of gaining more audiences than ever before regardless of whether it is public or private.

Institutions that have adopted group decision making has seen it work for the organization. There are many successful organizations today whose success has been as a result of the new adoption of group decision making. Therefore, in this review, we are going to discuss and see the reasons and the significance of making use of group decision making.

Decision-making plays an essential role in every organization, and organizational success relies directly on the quality of the decisions made. Most decisions are traditionally made through people who typically took high positions within the company. However, this has transformed, and the group decision-making popularity has increased in the previous few years. This transformation has been hastened by flatter structure adoption via companies.

Strategic management is concerned with getting from one point to the next appropriately, effectively, and as the process is being enjoyed since learning comes from it. Part of this process is the strategy, and another section of it is execution. Coming up with a good strategy directs the ay an individual or an organization navigate through the path selected and proper implementation ensures that the company is checking in a long way. Averagely, this procedure can take a duration of between three and four months. No single organization is alike; therefore, an organization might decide to track the process faster or slow it down. Thus, an organization needs to move at a pace that best works for it and pull this as a resource. For a better organizational strategy, the company needs to look into every part of the planning phase.

Accounting, as one of the academic curriculums, is among the top courses in strategic decision-making. One of the important elements to consider when strategic planning is conducted in the money, the place it has gone, the place it currently is, and the place of origin beginning from next time are the kinds of questions that begin and end in accounting. The last part of this review will take care of the different elements of the discipline of academic accounting, along with the significance of strategic Decision making through management.

 

How do individual and group decision processes aid or impede business decision

making?

Over the past, senior management decisions were an autocratic procedure. They were discussions, meetings, memos, but most importantly, the manager made the Decision. The complicated nature of the contemporary business and additional complications of working globally currently renders these procedures a group technique. This literature review looks at some of such techniques and any resistance to the business decision plan through leadership.

Decision making by a heterogeneous group.

The constantly rising complication of the social and economic environment has led to the increased demand for research on decision-making (De Maio & Herrera-Viedma, 2016). Decision making that is a group based is increasingly being seen as the central procedure to be depended on because of the decreased chances of arising mistakes than one decision-maker.

The article’s authors employed a business procedure administration system, which permitted them to structure the individual making the decisions as suppliers. Analysis of the conclusions was then carried out through a java application in an offline form. One of the interesting elements of the research was applying a new participant who had no prior associations with the other team members. There was the utilization of two approaches used in efficacy comparison. The initial strategy was to make use of a fixed beginning weight to the maker of the Decision with a principle for transforming the weight when required. The next approach consisted of giving a zero value, which is fixed to the new member for the initial first five participants (DeMaio et al., 2016). The study limitations involved the weighting procedure of learning and the number of times the new member engaged in the team decision study.

The outcome experiments indicated that the second approach was a lot more conservative with regards to its estimates. However, the new participant took five interactions to get to a similar decision as to the seasoned members. When comparisons were made, the group’s approach got to better decisions compared to the one decider on an approximation of 90% of the analyzed executions (DeMaio et al., 2016). According to the results obtained from this research, it can be seen that team decision making a general better strategy than the use of one decision-maker.

Large scale team decision making.

One among the matters to be talked about in large scale team decision making is the possibility of intra-team conflicts coming as a result of resignations, loss of social reputation, decision-makers who do not cooperate, and loss of business opportunities (Liu et al., 2019). Among the means navigated to minimize conflict chances was the implementation of the process of reaching a consensus. Whereas the possibilities of the agreements being unanimous were unknown, the solutions were as near as the authorized collective. Implementation of Social Network Analysis was used to assess the association between members in more effort to comprehend and stay away from conflict. A single offshoot from the analysis of social networks was the trust association development based on the detection and elimination of conflict through decision-making structure, which could recognize and map the associations existing among decision-makers who did not know one another well.

Through mapping this unconventionality, the structure could create an opinion plan of modification. One limitation of this strategy is the trust value assignment. On top of this, the makers of Decision have to accept the outcomes of the structuring, and the subsequent decisions or harmony disruption in the team will arise. Large scale team decision making seems to work in some situations. However, given the weights sheer volume, assignments, and the trust that is supposed to be assigned, there is a given bias level introduced easily. Decision-making impedance appears possible using this strategy if not monitored carefully.

Multiple attribute strategies of decision making.

Multiple attribute strategies of decision-making use weights aggregation, problem structuring, valuation of weights, and sensitive assessment and importance to the attributes to support decision-making (Kashi & Franek, 2014). The results were then seeded properly in the created Balanced Scorecard system and the outcomes to make strategic decisions. Balanced Scorecard is a system that is performance-based and also a measurement system used widely today as a tactical technique of metric measurement (Blocher, Stout, Juras, & Cokins, 2019).

The next technique is the Weighted Influence Non-linear Gauge System. This system uses a super-matrix to analyze the weights and influences of the different aspects of Decision. The function of interrelations among the elements of the Decision, which is an essential factor to the structure, is referred to as influences. Multiple attribute strategies of Decision making can support a company by minimizing the measures amounts under evaluation to the most significant ones, hence elevating the time wasted and required on tasks that are not important.

Quantitative and qualitative metrics can be used simultaneously, hence eliminating the requirement for multiple decision groups or meetings. The other advantage of this decision-making process is the power it has to obtain consensus from a team that has different perspectives on matters (Kashi & Franek, 2014). The writer discovered no resistance to a business’s ability to make decisions, and the important positives of the strategy would turn this into a sound structure in the large-scale surrounding.

 

Multiple attribute team decision making, which is consensus-based. 

Multiple attribute team decision-making that is consensus-based equally makes use of a consensus making of decisions but gets to a consensus. Although real peace is not achieved, this model still has been verified to have a high efficacy level when it comes to getting to a consensus among professionals when using group decision-making (Zhang, Palomares, Dong, & Wang, 2018). The processes of getting to a consensus taken to have two values. The initial structure is the process of agreement implemented by the individuals deciding to reach a predefined consensus level. The next model is the procedure of selection, which gives a position to the given options following the decision-makers’ preferences. Decision-makers who are not at peace with the group make use of a social network evaluation that will unite the management of behavior besides the social trust data to help in the Decision through the use of weighting techniques and include the possible bias in the algorithm development to used (Zhang et al., 2018).

Team decision making Micro-processes.

A lot of researches concerning team decision-making has majored in the larger picture, the decisions to be developed, team dynamics, etc. There are micro-processes upon which the Decision is underlaid. The underlying elements involve social interactions, affect emotions, and other factors that are hard to model (Ackerman et al., 2018). The function played by emotion has not been widely studied with very minimal regard to the other elements engaged in decision-making. However, the concentration has been on the rationality of technological use, provided that emotion and rationality can be a factor.

People bring an emotional and creative angle to the made decisions that cannot be simply technologically emulated. These elements should be considered since they are making decisions that affect people with human lives to be considered (Orlikowski, 2000). The writers gave specific attention to increasingly complicated associations in huge groups like the government’s communities and agencies. These categories of team decision-makers are massively affected by the stated creatively and emotional processes realized.

Team decision aid should be considered carefully when a model of a group decision is being used within a company. Problems come up when the makers of decisions do not maintain their sensitivity to develop techniques being utilized by the people making the decisions during their procedure (Ackerman et al., 2018). Limitations to this process will be acknowledging the relevant micro-procedures to be checked along with the support levels required to make sure that the makers of the decisions are completely capable of processing their data correctly. In response to the initial question of research concerning impedance of the Decision made by a team, failure to acknowledge and handle the micro-processes carefully in the team could impede the team slightly but not massively in general.

Team ethical decision making.

Whereas the previous parts showed the efficacy of team decision making, the actual advantage of the procedure is the ethical dilemmas given in an enterprise. Teams are normally seen as a better means to get to an optimal decision having the least possibility of an ethical dilemma because of numerous parties’ involvement contrary to one person (Yang & O’Leary, 2016). The clarity of the proceedings, the multiple involvement layers, and decision documentation established a groundwork so that any arising ethical issue could be avoided from any person’s corruption.

Many researchers have majored in ethical decisions people make, more so in the post-Enron era. However, very few have had the team decision ethics covered. Whereas these decisions are more moral than one decider, they are normally less ethical than the most ethical decision participant. Whereas the Decision made by the group tried to be honorable, the additional compromise was realized as the team continued to enlarge (Abdolmohammadi, Gabhart, & Reeves, 1997). Neutral options were preferred over the moral choices for the Decision to be made faster as it appeared.

There are also arising complications the moment global decisions are to be made because of the differing morals between cultures. All male teams equally tried to make minimal ethical decisions as compared to all-female teams under the research. The research was not carried out on a racial basis but based on gender only. Therefore, the study limitations put in place are the limitations of the results.

This structure of Decision procedure can be advantageous to the company as prior parts of this review have made it transparent; however, there has to be some attention allocated to the ethical dilemmas demonstrated. A fix to the matter is the promoted ethical practice given to the team’s very participant and a cultural understanding of where the company will be carrying out business.  Limitations arising will be that the moderate Decision will be developed when teams are considered when teams are utilized for decision making, and this element has to be acknowledged and identified.

What are the newest directions in the process of strategy development and execution?

Just like it has been discussed in the past sections, current business is complicated and international. The keyword here is innovation and that it goes beyond the techniques and materials for strategic planning so that a competitive edge is maintained. This part will take care of a section of those materials and techniques along with restrictions and advantages of the techniques and tools. From American to the continent of Africa, contemporary problems need contemporary solutions, and these are among the contemporary directions which should be taken towards getting the solutions.

A sustainability tool-SA 8000

SA 8000 is globally identified as the third-party standard that is auditable and makes sure that ethics are observed when sourcing our products and that the workplace conditions are fair (Santos, Murmura, & Bravi, 2017). Sustainability has developed to any tactical planning session from a corporate buzz-word. Corporate social accountability is taken to include more issues and concerns about the environment. Other factors involve the effective management of human resources, public relations, developing associations within the company’s communities, and philanthropy (Santos et al.,2017).

Numerous standards can be considered in corporate social accountability when a strategy is being developed. Part of the examples for this is the Fair Labor Association, the International Reporting Initiative, and the SA8000. The introduction of the SA8000 was done in 1997 by a group referred to as Social Accountability International. They have a goal: to advance workplaces globally by creating and executing socially accountable standards (Santos et al., 2017).

SA8000 was chosen for this literature review since its standard is accepted globally for health and safety, forced labor, collective rights of the bargain, child labor, and labor compensation (Panda & Mishra, 2013). There are numerous recognized benefits related to SA8000 adoption.  Such merits involve creating of modern partnerships, market demand, protection of the brand, advancement in client loyalty, absenteeism minimization, development of the context of work, advancing the reputation and corporate image, productivity advancement and administration efficacy, higher effects on customers and distributors, and competitive merit over competitors which is very important (Santos, Murmura, & Bravi, 2017).

Just like with any current direction, limitations to adoption also exist. Regulations like workplace adaption, the necessity for investment, staff and administration training, and employee recruitment, especially those with a disability. Everyone has to be recognized and overcome via sound strategic administration (Panda & Mishra, 2013). The good thing for organizations that decide to go after a new guideline like SA8000 commonly have used one or more ISO standards already and are familiar with the certification procedures, and have many of the materials already in place.

Strategy via virtue ethics.

One of the current techniques in developing a strategy is the practice strategy, which involves virtue ethics. The people who practice this structure see ethics in human beings as often high and as a virtue drawn upon when strategy work is being done (Tsoukas, 2017). Studies into practice strategy are not something new. However, the implementation of the ethics virtue is a new insight area. This study’s new facet adds in a boosted sensitivity concerning the inherent practice of morality besides the activities’ implications obtained from the methods (Tsoukas, 2017). Numerous organizations comprehend the necessity for a clearer, ethical, and sustainable culture. The thing that these organizations may not comprehend is the fundamental moral justification. They understand the things they are supposed to say but not the reason, the motions, and not knowing why they can result in ethical dilemmas.

The appropriate utility of the ethical virtues and practice strategy can help the company identify and develop the right decisions concerning highly ethically charged matters like corporate malfeasance, discrimination at the workplace, environmental disputes, and harassment (Tsoukas, 2017). A primary principle of virtue ethics surrounds encouragement. The practitioner engages in doing the right things morally since it is something inside their being, enabling them to do so compared to an individual who only does th right thing because it is policy.

One thing that must be done by an individual in strategy practice through the use of virtue ethics is to step to stop sometime and ask themselves if they are doing the correct thing (Tsoukas, 2017). Ethical superiority should be avoided unless a selfishness trap comes up. Using this technique in the execution and development of a company strategy could be difficult at first. There has to be corporate culture development to foster the fundamental company practices to reveal the inherent ethical fiber in the administration and staff (Seidenstricker, 2017).

The long-term advantages can be seen with more ease, and the initial effort would deserve its worth. International organizations can be more so hard given the normative distinctions in ethics among states that have to be handled almost every day (Blocher et al., 2019). Since strategic development’s competitive field is continually evolving, interlacing moral virtues and practice strategy as a new path can be a massive success for building a competitive edge.

Foresight-based technique.

No questions surrounding the new strategic directions can fully respond to the query having no foresight discussion. The current marketplace is worldwide, continually growing, and increasingly complicated. Competition gets in and out of the market at a high pace needing leadership to bear the insight to anticipate next year, the next five years, and many more years to come. This was a simplistic accomplishment; however, the high pace of transformation can put waste the strategic plans best through leadership.

The corporate prudence strategy is increasingly turning into a relevant promoter of numerous players’ strategic plans, more so global companies (Darkow, 2015). This prudence in seasoned companies can be more comfortable because of knowledge availability and in-house professionalism; however, newer organizations can struggle at the start. Contrary to just working on strategic work, the practice strategy discussed previously can be easily united within the prudence approach; however, this technique needs more engagement from middle-management to raise the strategy’s efficiency (Darkow, 2015). Appropriate precedence needs more than the larger picture typically covered by management because of the complexities of everyday operations that the higher administration usually is not aware of.

A lot of phrases have been recognized to enable the precedence approach.  The initial phase is collecting strategic intelligence, which is debatably the most significant phase. Internal and external nature constitute intelligence. The internal intelligence could involve central administration professionalism, historical performance, future markets required, and SWOT analysis.

The external factors involve the appropriate market divers, political environments, economic environment, and numerous desk study to recognize market trends. The second phase includes applying foresight methodology to carry out a cross-impact evaluation, acknowledging a diverse series of the activity of the future, and recognizing the necessary future external and organizational development. Middle administration can be utilized in developing the swot analysis and should be included in strategy sessions. Phase three will use the SWOT analysis, created situations from the second phase, and the market needs to establish strategic options.

The fourth phase will involve analysis of the strategy decided upon and the decisions made by management. The fourth phase is the final phase in the strategic development of the plans of the organization. The fifth phase involves reviewing and implementing the objectives accomplished and mistakes or the success achieved during execution (Darkow, 2015).  This is the main phase that outlines the involvement of middle administration plans. Application of precedence itself is not a new route for strategic management, but the way it is applied has transformed and is a new procedure for an old ideology, hence th involvement in this paper.

A Prometheus Approach 

Multiple procedure decision-making techniques are becoming the standard the moment highly complicated decisions are made. Fortunately, there are materials that exist to assist in such decisions as Visual Promethee (VP) (Peterková & Franek, 2018). Among the major merits of VP is the power to work with the process, which includes a contradictory decision-making process the generating transparent, and easy to comprehend outcomes. One of the past standards for complicated decision-making was the analytic hierarchy procedure used as a VP framework.

The decision procedure can involve both quantitative data and qualitative data numerically used and alphabetically. It will be the operator’s duty to discover the significance and weighting of elements input to the curriculum (Peterková & Franek, 2018). Among the program shines areas is the utility in administration concerning innovations, investment options, current technology, and new ideas. Since many decisions are complicated, more so in multi-national organizations, the software helps administrators break the necessary elements and turn them into a decomposed matrix constructed out of constituent sections with the personal procedure in a hierarchy for easier evaluation (Peterková & Franek, 2018).

Even though the breakdown can help the management, numerous elements can still be a matter with VP. Administrators can overcome this limitation by identifying the more significant issues with the innovation and only using those elements as input. Innovation is essential to accomplishing in keeping ahead of the new direction. After the edge, companies would be the application of the diagnostic hierarchy procedure in the unification with software like VP to assist in breaking down huge decisions into smaller decisions to enhance the best strategy possible. The limitations to ths technique are the inputs made by humans like procedure, analysis, result interpretation, and weighting (Peterková & Franek, 2018). Top management in a lot of companies may be restricting themselves to outdated and manual Decision-making procedures. This is a recipe for failure in multi-procedural world decision-making currently. The use of software like Visual Promothee, having an analytical approach of hierarchy, can generate better outcomes with less stress, minimum time, and failure.

Local strategy for economic development.

The development of strategy is not restricted to private companies. Governmental agencies are being operated more like an enterprise and require the necessary decision-making through leadership. Governments do not use a single set of techniques; however, rather, it depends on different economic development strategies (Morgan, & McCall, 2019). These new routes to strategic development are currently being needed since taxes can just continue to increase before people and enterprises begin leaving. One limitation existing to the organizations in the decisions they make is a level of capacity that, in numerous cases, cannot be easily raised or cannot be increased at all.

This capacity matters seriously moderate the put everything in, but the technique of development of the sink kitchen (Morgan et al., 2019). A number of factors lead to capacity issues, which are extremely too many to list down in this review. These elements can be restricted availability of land for annexation, individual numbers assigned in economic development restricting strategy numbers, inter-jurisdictional competition, and entities at higher levels, for instance, federal and state limiting regulation. Local governments have employed shotgun strategy hoping something lands on the short claiming the results. This method lacks efficacy and is no longer a sound model when considering economical development (Rubin, 1988).

In reference to the research question, local governments should take new directions for them to be on par with other local jurisdiction’s needs. They also need to follow the same strategic plans used by other large and diverse organizations (Darkow, 2015). It is fortunate that local entities do not lack funds and are not saddled with international issues when managed appropriately. A SWOT analysis foresight based approach and sustainability can be used to assist the local government to remain competitive and employ the resources available at their maximum ability.

Strategy execution integrated operating framework.

Many regions around the world are realizing that the only way for them to foresee a future that is surviving is through strategic methods. This succession subject focuses on the African continent as an example of a needy continent for better strategy execution and new directions(Leibbrandt & Botha, 2014). Senior management in administration functions are aware fro the requirement of a properly formulated strategic plan to stay competitive and that this plan has to be well communicated to junior staff for proper execution. Municipalities struggle for services implementation and client care, the client being the citizen.

Having numerous municipalities to an extent, Africa is over-regulated that numerous economic strategies that could have been applied are not legitimately capable of being implemented (Leibbrandt & Botha, 2014). There are seven major points that need to be met. They include systems technology, planning, systems of performance management, management and leadership, appropriate policies, human resources and processes, and sufficient resource budgeting. The effective regulated and points which are over-regulated are perfomance management and budgeting and planning, whereas the points which are underregulated are the remaining four mentioned above (Leibbrandt & Botha, 2014).

New guidelines given to the regional municipalities were to create minimum standard level service, quality management of the clients, utility of surveys to acknowledge strengths and deficit, and getting new equipment to deliver services (Leibbrandt & Botha, 2014) appropriately. Modern human resource management was developed by leadership by improving morale, eliminating corruption, making effective decisions, and developing management training programs for leadership improvement.

The establishment of due dates was equally an initiative for leadership development programs. These points are required to integrate an operational framework to combine everything into a strategic action cohesive plan. As stated previously, these authors were precise to the African continent; however, the article’s inclusion and the authors’ discussion plans could be employed in various organizations, both private and public. Strategic actions never occur by circumstances or luck since solid framework, planning, and integration are essential for competition.

How Can my Academic Discipline, as a Function within the Organization, Impact the

Process of Business Strategy Development and Execution?

The academic accounting discipline plays a vital role in various organizations. The development of business strategies requires historical data together with future projections to make a prediction or foresight of where they are required to go. Accounting is the responsible department for all the future and historical projections of data. In this section, I will address various academic discipline aspects associated with the business function.

Business dissertation content analysis.

As an academic business discipline, there still exist some controversies and disagreements on educational validity—this controversy major on the distinction between doctoral degrees and Ph.D. degrees. The Ph.D. degree was steered towards individuals preparing to go to academia, whereas the craft practitioner got a doctoral business degree for actual business use. Doctor of business administration was introduced by Harvard in the year 1953 because there was a low commercial science doctoral enrollment. Initially, this degree was only attained from the Art and Sciences school and later became the primary business discipline doctorate at Harvard.

The world’s traditional thinking was that the Ph.D. degree curriculum was research focused on whereby the student studied a more practical aspect and applications. A study was conducted by MacLennan to determine the difference degree for the two available parts for the students. In their assumptions, it was stated that the curriculum was significantly different, whereas regulatory agencies and other entities would bring a different reaction. The universities would develop a tendency to hire Ph.D. holders only, and there would be a variation in the two-degree dissertations (MacLennan & Gibbons, 2018).

The authors used both quantitative and qualitative techniques and realized there was no significant variation in how the individuals were treated regardless of the type of degree in the agencies and hiring universities. They also found out that there was no significant difference in the students’ research projects and dissertations in both degree programs. They indeed found an overlap in various research papers ((MacLennan et al., 2018). They also realized that the curriculum was basically the same in the two degrees with slight differences in the classes. Because of this study, it has been realized that the use of DBA can be a function utilization in every business organization.

There might be considerations that education is more than the required depending on a specific job function, but the author highlights that an individual can never be very educated in their respective field. The application of knowledge obtained from a DBA of Ph.D. is of great assistance in the development and execution of the strategy process. Students who have a desire to employ their business practice skills in the future should concentrate more on emphasis on programs, faculties, curriculums, and experiences than the degree type to be awarded (MacLennan et al.,2018).

Business education versus legal on decision making

Like a doctoral and Ph.D. degree distinction difference, there are some aspects of controversy between legal education and a business-oriented curriculum in the public sector. A study that was done in 2018 by Rosengart resolved that decisions made by business students towards the private sector are more biased as compared to the public sector. The study consisted of 500 hundred students, whereby half of them were either in private or public sectors after they had graduated to determine the significant difference between the programs. The results were far from the author’s expectations as they anticipated that there would be a variation in the decision processes between the groups because of the research and study type used in the university programs.

Student socialization made a great significant impact on the school’s program. There was a tendency of two groups creation due to this socialization, which shared strategies and Decision making action plans. The business students developed a tendency of leaning towards the private sector logic even when they were in the public sector jobs. Legal students arrived at decisions in all cases with little agreement with the private sector regardless of their employment areas. It is unproven though business students are careless when it comes to public work than legal students since they employ the business studies logic in every sector (Rosengart et al.., 201). My academic discipline implication would be a DBA preference for private sector organizations because the private sector’s main objective is profits and not to serve the public.

It would be necessary to employ some standard inputs when it comes to the development and execution of a business strategy, and also a solid business foundation clas is equally important to understand the requirements for gaining a competitive advantage and strategy. The organization would have a positive and greater impact when a solid business operation is incorporated as compared to solid legal education.

Delivery formats and instructional techniques in the courses of caption strategy 

Today, the business has become complicated, and global technology is developing at a faster rate. The world has changed with a lot, of course, programs remaining with the status quo when considering a terminal degree capstone course.  Philosophy and religion are integrated with various disciplines in the traditional capstone course to adopt future graduate high thinking levels. A curriculum directed towards a business graduate strategy is very important and can be a much better option in the modern world. To demonstrate the student’s knowledge and evaluate their performance in the real-world, a business capstone course should be used (Alstete & Beutell, 2016). This is also important because it can verify both oral and written communication skills and the application of technology in their various degrees.

It is very easy to address these items by using both traditional and modern teaching methods and combining them where applicable. Traditional methods simulations such as simulations, lectures, student projects, and case studies are still valuable teaching tools even though there are new methods nowadays (Alstete & Beutell, 2016). The format of delivery has significantly changed within the last decade. The traditional courses on the campus are still significant and effective ways of learning and providing solid support and social interaction, but many students never take this as an option.

Online learning and schooling have taken over the market and have been even moved to the public sector high school levels. Both methods have various advantages that depend on the needs of students and faculty needs (Alstete & Beutell, 2016). The academic business discipline may also be important because the management team can advance their skills without losing time for work or moving to a university area.

The universities that are employing various strategic development and understanding always benefit from the manager’s increased matriculation in an attempt to improve their fields and increase their present position skills. All the additional courses received by either leaders or managers in the academic discipline are potentially important in enhancing their execution and strategy development process.

Various leaders may not have to look for ways of advancing their education and preferring to boycott or not to attend the philosophy classes. The universities should look for ways of attracting these individuals by directing their programs towards utilizing pedagogy and various content knowledge for strategy development and utilizing the pedagogical content knowledge (Alstete & Beutell, 2016).

Accounting as an academic discipline

When responding to the question as to whether accounting is in an academic discipline, it is equally important to familiarize me with the important questions. This academic paper states the question as to whether accounting can be classified under academic discipline. The dictionary meaning disqualifies accounting as a discipline. The fact that the dictionary states that accounting is not a discipline, another meaning is created. From the description, accounts are, therefore, used in achieving positive impacts from strategies used to develop business (Demski, 2007). The scholar definitions, however, have continued to acknowledge and define accounting as a discipline.

There are seven factors that indicate the accounting state. One of these indicators includes a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework, which is the oldest indicator, however, does not have the element of concurrence as much as the modern business is concerned. The second indicator is the modern technology, which equivalently lacks curriculum. Computer skills, such as coding and networking, are always briefly introduced.   The third indicator, which is portfolio-of-errors, is still being applicable up to date. The errors which develop as tie moves are always rebalanced and redesigned to allow for the correction of errors, which are always accumulated doing the process.

The costing technique is always applicable when there is a need to measure marginal cost. This is part of an example which explains unchanging return conditions. Professional ties have, however, developed to personal levels, with a change in the maximization of human capital. The fifth indicator, which is a foundational pillar, is constantly missing from the context class text. The history of accounting has currently been ignored, with the focus being base on the current culture. The sixth indicator states the slow exit of accounting scholars. The exit of the scholars has been replaced by professionals who have a special experience.

The result has been marked by competition and miscommunication between the parties. From scholarly articles, it is evident that the categorization of accounting has changed meaning.  Accounting dwells more on business as compared to the basis of a discipline. The author hover feels that accounting can be categorized under discipline. The author has a strong belief that the term accounting has more weight in managerial duties of an organization despite the magnitude. The argument is prone to changes; however, it does not answer the fundamental question. The relevant evidence which supports accounting as a field in the management of an organization is minimal.

The purpose and structures of DBA

The doctorate of Business Accounting (DBA) poses knowledge at different levels but fails to address how this knowledge is achieved. The debate concerning the strength, weaknesses, and nature of the degree has continued to take center stage (Saros 2015). The debates between scholars have developed an impact of understanding BDA in the execution of organizational development. Consequently, the difference between DBA and Ph.D. relies on the kind of course work that is offered. This means that the course work offered for DBA is totally different from the course work offered for Ph.D. Ph.D. is based upon utilization of the traditional thesis while DBA debates for portfolio work-related, which entails papers and projects. Additionally, DBA also entails coursework.

The composition of the DBA is built by a full-time degree. Research, however, has a bigger percentage of work, including projects and changing criteria. The aim of the assignments is to effectively equip the graduates with appropriate research practical skills (Sarros et al., 2015). Ph.D. improves the chances of an organization in a competitive environment. It also cultivates people and makes them socially suitable for leadership roles.

However, universities across the globe do not have a uniform structure that can be followed in an effective manner when it comes to executing the discipline. Liberty University has a criterion where it endorses more on the magnitude of research while as opposed to other universities. Some universities always tend to dwell on tests, which is a common and similar scenario for undergraduate students. However, somebody may argue that the technique is built upon the internal agreements within a particular university.

The author of this paper states that the authenticity of the university offering viable and professionalism DBA has been compromised. The courses offered by different universities have lost credibility with the increase in uncertified university offering degree and Ph.D. Courses. With the current natures of these universities, the ball rolls back to the students. Students have an obligation to ensure that they put more effort and responsibilities during their time in universities.  The credibility of DBA will only be of impact to the organization in cases where undergraduate students will maximize resources ad time at the university.

The DBA and Doctorates

As an academic element, the DBA requires a curriculum that serves the needs of the institution, or its impact on the institutional needs for use will be insignificant at best. Poole looks at this view of DBA using all the means available. The impact of the development of the current knowledge of economies has led to an increment in the need for graduates in the field of business accounting (Poole, 2018.p.211). Poole suggests that the learners will be enriched with research capabilities and knowledge and skills that are needed for the use both now and in the future. “Doctorateness,” the term that has been used in the article, refers to all attributes shared by the doctoral graduates; it is also referred to as an aberrant term (Poole, 2018, p. 216). The requirement that the student to have a role contributing to understanding or knowledge we have in the unit.

This makes two common requirements for a doctoral student. Firstly, is that they gain a proper understanding of the unit to help them familiarizes themselves with the state of knowledge and where to help put in original work. Secondly, is that the candidate is equipped with research methods that allow them to have an impact on the contribution that is community friendly and also accepted by other stakeholders. The attributes are quoted as, “This doctorate has been differentiated from other education levels by (Biggs, 2017, p. 7). This excellent description, when followed by a candidate, should be a position to have a positive impact on their institution in any role given.

The future makes possible dual scenarios in the field of doctorate of business (Poole, 2018, p. 219) .the coursework will be applicable naturally, producing a work that is knowledgeable. This would help in maintaining the current position of parity with programs like Ph.D. along with the ability to help assist the development of an institution (Biggs, 2017, p. 26). Another means could have an impact on more changes to the doctorate problem and reduce its reputation in the academic field. One of the outcomes is the laxity existing in other universities in regard to the originality need for the thesis. This diminishes the prestige in the view of a better population, notably Ph.D. graduates.

The third change would be the overall changing of the titles. The doctorate title will hence no longer be essential to be used in any of the categories and will both share a Ph.D. (Poole, 2018, p. 220). These arguments and scenarios have an advantage when talking about DBA as a discipline. Still, with the main thing that the research skills and knowledge are gained from any of the programs, the graduate skills will be of good impact on the institution’s strategic deployment and development. The needed skills are available in both DBA and Ph.D. as an attribute shared.

Conclusion

As stated, more times in this work, the business has developed exponentially in different ways over the past few years and shows fewer signs of slow growth. Add in international issues, environmental awareness, and social responsibility, and the decision-making process gets compounded more. Individual decision making is diminishing in the choice usage for complex decision making.

The group decision-making process has enabled diverse decision making and has proved to the best in making strategic decisions needed without possible fraud and biasness that can result when decisions are made personally. There is a variety of means that group decisions can be to arrive at the best strategy, and it’s up to the management to take the best route for the institution.

The complexity in today’s world makes new directions for arriving at strategic developing execution and planning. SA8000 helps by laying out the ways for you, developing a proper approach can help prevent any possible competitive gain chances by rivals, integrating the objectives into operating procedures having a solid framework, and use of other means like using a software known as PROMETHEE help breaking down complex decisions into smaller ways for efficient processing by the management or leadership. They are new directions that organizations can employ a competitive advantage in the field or market.

It is skeptical that some persons feel that too much learning can negatively affect their strategy. More skills and knowledge available gives an advantage to making a better strategy. Considerable debate has always been there and still continues over DBA being valid in the business field. Studies have proved that business training leads to better results. Accounting is argued to its position as a discipline, but if it doesn’t meet the definition technically, experience and time have shown the level of discipline there. The future of all doctoral programs and DBA included is being argued, and changes may be available in the future.

 

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