Theories and Concepts of Racism
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Theories and Concepts of Racism
Introduction
Racism has been part and parcel of American History, and the effects of racism have been devastating, especially towards the minority and the people of color. Different theories have been put in place relevant to discrimination, and the process tends to give further examples of discrimination. Therefore, the paper will reflect on the secondary data analysis in reflecting on different types of racism faced by the minority groups and the people of color.
Research Question
What are some theories and concepts within the society that are relevant to racism? What are some of the many examples of discrimination?
Methodology
The paper will reflect on secondary data analysis of three different scholarly articles. The articles will summarize the contents of racism and examples given in the three articles to reflect on the different types of racism. The data set will focus on qualitative secondary data analysis, where three various secondary journal articles will be reviewed and summarized to give additional racist data information.
Analysis of Secondary Data
- Durkheim, E., & Simpson, G. (2013). The Division of Labor in Society(Annotated ed.). Digireads.com.
Abstract – Development of the division of labor in society; the universality of the phenomenon. The problem: Must we abandon ourselves to the movement, or must we resist it — the question as to the moral value of the division of labor Uncertainty of the moral conscience on this point; contradictory solutions are given simultaneously method for ending this indecision- the study of the division of labor in itself and for itself—plan of the book. The division of labor, therefore seems to focus more on different social classes of individuals. The minority groups will not be able to acquire better jobs compared to the higher majority groups.
Introduction
David Grusky offers his readers an analysis of a neo-Durkheimian class framework that criticizes specific established class approaches. In particular, he focuses on the members of the society who he calls the exponents of perspectives under consideration of the big class and how there exists a distinction between the group and the so-called micro types at an occupation level. The Grusky framework from different structures of being viewed within the society seems to have no inevitable opposition within the whole community.
By the methods of testing, Grusky shares out and says that most of the scientists and sociologists have made few attempts in testing it but have not been in a position to make attempts due to the capacity of their endeavors and the debatable outcomes of the tests being connected to the traditional discursive theory mode of constructions. Grusks admits by saying that the logical structure of the social theory of the Durkheim is highly obscured, and due to this significant reason, testing it becomes controversial and challenging. Instead, the tests have perpetuated the sociological traditional exegetical treatment of the concerned subjects doing the research about Durkheim’s theory about the social division of labor according to a particular formal model. The restatement, therefore, identifies the approaches of problems and societal shortcomings.
The disadvantage that Grusky is giving of using the Durkheim theory about the division of labor uses eight premises with only one testable theorem with the theorem used in testing the societal racism and inequality being minimal inaccuracy unless the data of population concentration gets substituted with the population density in the first stage. The restatement of the social inequalities and the Durkheim theory of labor division shows how the theory extension could also postulate its further testability.
- Washington, H. A. (2020). How environmental racism is fueling the coronavirus pandemic. Nature, 581(7808), 241. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01453-y
Abstract – Toxic living conditions have long inflated death rates. Scientists must learn to track these patterns of inequality. Toxic living conditions have long increased death rates. Scientists must learn to follow these patterns of inequality. “Risks such as where a person lives or what they eat often reflect realities that lie beyond that person’s control.”
Introduction
Environmental racism seems to be sparking and increasing Coronavirus’s rate among the black populace, with the Blacks and people of color being the main culprits of environmental pollution. The blacks are among the most affected individuals when pollution and color are concerned, and therefore more significant ill-health, thereby higher chances of being infected by Coronavirus. Poverty is one of the risk factors of becoming unwell, exposure to the pollutants of the environment are increasingly high among the African American and the people of color, and due to the high poverty rates, the individuals will find themselves living in industrial areas as they seek industrial jobs as well as places having low developments.
Poverty has been proven to be one of the risk factors as far as coronaviruses involved, making most of the Black and African-Americans the most targeted populace. This is due to the fact that the people living within the poverty line have higher chances of becoming ill, and their health deteriorates with the living standards. African Americans earning between fifty-thousand to sixty thousand US Dollars annually are exposed to more environmental pollutants, which include air pollutants, industrial chemicals, poisonous heavy metals, and pathogens than the white populace.
The longer Harder Systems Causing Environmental pollutants
Ignorance and indifferences
Most of the environmental racism has been caused by the population being ignorant and indifferent. The American industries are mostly located within the low-level class individuals, and the rates of pollution within these environments are high compared to other places. Besides, inadequate industrial testing of chemicals has additionally increased pollution, thereby increasing the number of substances in the environment. When absorbed within the individuals’ system, the pollutants make them sick and thereby increase higher chances of Coronavirus.
Racism
Racism in the American States has elevated pollution rates with most of the industries located in segregated communities. Environmental racism gets seen by a lack of available solid waste removal, poor drainage, and flooding. Environmental racism can additionally involve housing discrimination and corporate greed.
Pathogens are democratic, and the marginalized minority ethnic groups have increased exposure to environmental pollution and reduced healthcare services access. The process leaves the people of color less able to access healthcare due to social and physical vulnerabilities. They, therefore, experience more infections such as the Coronavirus. The problem is not only in the United States but additionally in different parts of the world. For instance, in the United Kingdom, more than forty percent of the people in intensive care for Coronavirus are blacks. The Asian and minority ethnic groups form close to seventy-five percent of those within intensive care is the minority groups that triple up their populace. The majority of the Blacks and the minority ethnic groups live in overcrowded places or areas associated with industrial pollution sources such as lead-tainted waters and arsenic. For instance, Africatown Alabama and Flint Waters in Michigan have a high populace of CCoronavirusdue to increased environmental pollution rates.
- Williams, J. T. (1976). Williams, John T. “Conflict Theory and Race Conflict.” Social Science, 51(1), 32–36. https://www.jstor.org
Abstract – Main points of conflict theory are summarized. Multiple dimensions of social resources each generate potential conflicts between haves and have-nots. Potential interests become reactive to the degree that they are mobilized, relative to the mobilization of opposing interests; such mobilization depends upon both (I) conditions of ritual solidarity within a conflict group and (2) material resources for organizing. Each round of overt conflict sets the stage for the next round, both materially and by swaying the balance of perceived responsibility for past atrocities. Any particular dispute eventually de-escalates, either because material resources for mobilization are used or by the ritual disassembling of conflict groups. Mild conflicts continue longer than intense conflicts. De-escalation of mild conflicts typically occurs through bureaucratic institutionalization of concessions to interest groups; bureaucratic niches, in turn, become resource bases for future conflicts. These principles are applied to analyze the patterns of conflict in the United States in the late twentieth century and predict future disharmony patterns.
The conflict perspective tends to divide people along with their ethnic groups while maintaining the dominant group. The dominant group can get defined by the ethnic group or by race. Besides, it can additionally be explained by the social classes of individuals. In a conflict perspective of racial conflict, the relationships are based on coercion, power, and force. In the conflict perspective, racism and ethnocentrism divide individuals along their racial lines and ethnic backgrounds.
Most sociologists have also linked racial ethnicity in antagonistic groups that emerge from the labor markets, and racial conflicts occur from different classes, including the employers or business owners, higher-paid employees, and the low paid workers or employees. As business organizations will be I to expand their territories and structures, the higher paid workers will be in the forefront to maintain their position. The lower-paid employees will be on the runner-up to advance their positions, thereby threatening the higher-level employees. This, therefore, creates a conflict between the higher paid and lower-paid employees as soon as the job market and cheap labor structure are concerned.
Conclusion
From the three sets of secondary data analysis, it is evidence to say that racism takes different forms on the broader society. Examples of racism will come as a result of social interactions, economic, environmental, political, and structural setups. Therefore, the process gives the types of discrimination as a result of the different configurations, and the most affected people are the members of color, the minority groups, and the less advantaged individuals, therefore, creating disparity within the society.
References
Durkheim, E., & Simpson, G. (2013). The Division of Labor in Society (Annotated ed.). Digireads.com.
Washington, H. A. (2020). How environmental racism is fueling the coronavirus pandemic. Nature, 581(7808), 241. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01453-y
Williams, J. T. (1976). Williams, John T. “Conflict Theory and Race Conflict.” Social Science, 51(1), 32–36. https://www.jstor.org