Annotated Bibliography
Name
Course
Institutional Affiliation
Instructor
25th October 2020
Annotated Bibliography
Ratliff, A. (2010).Communities of Color and Low-Income Communities Disproportionately Affected by the Justice System in the Nation’s Capitol. Retrieved from http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/1909
Ratliff argues that persons of color living who are as well poverty-stricken stand high chances of being involved with the justice system, according to a report released by the Justice Policy Institute(JPI). Ratliff also mentions JPI found that people of color and low-income communities suffer harsh arrests and incarcerations in various wards of Washington, D.C. There are several suitable solutions to these challenges facing the justice system. According to Ratliff, improving the quality of life-creation of opportunities for all residents to engage in significant employment, access to health care, and access to public education for children serves the purpose of the betterment of society. Ratliff (2010) emphasized that “Affordable transportation enables people to access jobs and services that may not be available in the community, improving their quality of life and public safety.”
The author provides authentic information by including citations from the relevant authority. Ratliff cites Eduardo Ferrer of D.C Lawyers for Youth addressing to improve public safety. The source is relevant to my project since it advocates investing in-front end services and programs that keep people out of the justice systems. Correspondingly, the contact between the public and the police minimizes.
Manheim, T. F. Bullock, B. F. & Scott, S. J. (2018). Police Department and Crime Status in Virginia Communities: An Assessment from the Citizen Perspective. Retrieved from http://mars.gmu.edu/bitstream/handle/1920/10887/POLICE%20REPORTMay8.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y
This report presents an assessment of crime and police performance for communities in Virginia from a citizen perspective. The report depicts the link between crime and poverty. Again, the report claims that highly populated areas are likely to accommodate poor communities. Poor people are less likely to pay for qualified police and police leadership. Furthermore, the report points out that African American populations are correlated with higher poverty and unemployment levels, affecting neighborhoods and producing conditions conducive to crime.
Manheim, Bullock, and Scott state, “based on The Washington Post’s national database of police shootings there were 22 and 20 deaths of white and black persons respectively at the hands of Virginia police from, 2015 to August 2017.” This report serves as a relevant source to gain insight into low policing services and why police officers prefer to kill public members to maintain order, and what circumstances elicit these actions.
Natanson, H. (2020). When Black Lives Matter came to White, rural America. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/27/when-black-lives-matter-came-white-rural-america/?arc404=true
This article features three women: Poindexter, K., Craighead, B., and Penn, who protested against black race discrimination in southern Virginia. The author explains how the three women took their protest outside the Fanklin County Courthouse. The author clearly explains attires worn by these women to display their message ‘black lives matter.’ This scenario took place after Gorge Floyd’s neck crushed beneath the knee of a Minneapolis police officer. This murder triggered bitter reactions among Americans who led the country in protests against racism and police brutality.
This article depicts negative consequences resulting from police brutality. The author captions events that took place after this Gorge Floyd. There is a need to monitor Police enforcement during protests to avoid any further consequences that may arise.
American Civil Liberties Union of Virginia. (2017). Accountability in Virginia policing. Retrieved from https://acluva.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/accountability_in_virginia_policing_agendaforreform_may2017.pdf
This source primarily focuses on agenda reforms. The source presents a proposal to reform various areas of police departments. Some of the propositions include enhanced professionalism, end policing of low-level offenses, abolish policing for profit, establish civil authority over-policing, and transparency.
To lower police enforcement requires reforms in the police unit. “We need to look carefully at how we ‘license’ police in Virginia,” ACLUV (2017). These reforms will help in monitoring police who engage in unethical actions during low enforcement.
Lyons, S. & Walsh, N. (2010). A Capitol Concern: The Disproportionate Impact the Justice System of Low- Income Communities in D.C. Retrieved from
http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/1910
The authors focus on how socioeconomic status intersects with the justice system in the District of Columbia. They also noted that “poverty does not create crime.” In this district, the poor receive unjust treatment due to their condition. Low-income residents and people of color face inequality from the justice system, making their life very complicated and full of anxiety.
The apprehension of this article enables one to explain socioeconomic factors that lead to police brutality and the various ways to lower police enforcement for the well-being of the state.